Which procedure can increase the risk of infection in a neonate?

Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling is a medical procedure that involves inserting a needle through the mother's abdomen and into the umbilical cord, allowing for blood sampling from the fetus. This invasive nature of the procedure presents a risk of introducing pathogens into the bloodstream, which can subsequently lead to infections in the neonate.

Routine vaccinations, breastfeeding, and skin-to-skin care are all practices that are generally considered safe and beneficial, promoting health and immunity in neonates rather than increasing the risk of infection. Vaccinations help protect against various diseases, breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and antibodies, and skin-to-skin care supports bonding and thermoregulation while also encouraging physiological stability in newborns. However, the invasive aspect of percutaneous umbilical blood sampling distinctly raises the potential for infection, making it a notable concern in the context of neonatal health.